Thoughts on My Thesis: The Paper & the Public: The Evolving Relationship between the Public & the Press in America -- From Public Journalism to Citizen Journalism

I'm working on my masters thesis - an exploration of the the evolving relationship between the public and the press in America, via a comparison between the public journalism movement and the current development of citizen journalism.

Like so many of my colleagues, I thought it would be helpful to share my work in its early stages, so following is the intro, as it stands now. I welcome your thoughts and look forward to an enlightening discussion/debate on this topic.

Introduction

According to the Newspaper Association of America and the Audit Bureau of Circulation, as of March 31, 2007, the average circulation for daily newspapers in the United States decreased by 2.1 percent over the same period in 2006, while Sunday circulation dropped 3.1 percent over the same period. Meanwhile Nielsen//NetRatings, an Internet media and market research company, reported that more than 59 million people visited newspapers’ websites during the first quarter of 2007 (37.6 percent of all active Internet users). This represents a 5.3 percent increase over the same period a year earlier. Scarborough Research, a firm that researches media habits, reports that, on average, newspapers’ websites contribute to a 13.7 percent increase in newspaper audience for 25- to 34-year-olds, and a 9.2 percent increase for 18- to 24-year-olds.

But, it is newspapers’ weblogs (blogs) that have enjoyed the largest increase in readership. According to Nielsen/NetRatings, visits to the blogs of the top ten newspapers grew by 210% from December 2005 – December 2006, garnering 3.8 million unique visitors in December 2006. By contrast, total online readership at the top ten newspapers grew only 9% over the same period.

While one interpretation of these statistics could potentially fuel the debate over whether the newspaper is “dying,” what is more accurate and interesting to note is that the newspaper organization is changing – and changing dramatically. These statistics indicate that while readership of the print edition of newspapers is decreasing, newspaper organizations are successfully retaining their audience, and in some cases growing audience, particularly in the younger demographics by complementing their print offerings with an online component, especially online offerings like blogs where readers can not only read the news, but participate in the journalistic process by commenting and engaging in conversation and debate about the news and in some cases even contributing content in the form of photos and commentary, a practice called citizen journalism.

As a result of newspaper organizations’ adoption of these new communications technologies, the public’s relationship with the press continues to evolve and change. It has been argued that these new technologies threaten the future of the newspaper. But, this paper will argue that these new online tools provide newspaper organizations with the opportunity not only to preserve, but even enhance their role as an important social institution in American society.

To illustrate this assertion that newspapers have evolved over time to continue to serve the needs of society and to explore the evolving relationship between the public and the press, this paper will focus on two particular and relatively recent developments in the history of American journalism: public journalism and citizen journalism.

By examining the public journalism movement of the 1990s and the emergence of the current citizen journalism phenomenon, this paper will establish a historical context to support this thesis and explore the following questions:

• Has the relationship between the public and the press changed as a result of new media and communications technologies? If so, how?

• Is there some intersection between public journalism and citizen journalism that is emerging to create a new relationship between the public and the press?

• In this age of new media and citizen journalism, what are newspapers for?

• What does the future hold for the newspaper organization as a social institution?

Why is a comparison of public journalism and citizen journalism relevant and important to exploring these larger questions? It is relevant because this comparison represents a microcosm of the relationship between the public and the press over the course of a single generation – approximately 1988 to the present (2007). This particular historical period is important to the evolution of this relationship because it coincides with the introduction of the personal computer and the rise of the Internet. Additionally, this comparison is interesting and important to examine because public journalism demonstrates a concerted effort on behalf of the press to re-engage with the public, while citizen journalism is an effort initiated by the members of the public to get more actively involved in the journalistic process.

Comments

[John Cass]

I think the point about newspapers changing is critical. They are not losing audience, its just migrating. So now it is all about a new business model, and maybe getting away from paper.

[Tom Foremski]

Jen, these are interesting topics to investigate. I feel the most important topic that underlies all the others is: how will news organizations make money? It is one thing to have a rising readership but another to be able to make money. If you cannot monetize your traffic, increased traffic just means higher operating costs and adds to the pressure of cutting costs--which often means cutting jobs. "Reader Boom Leads to More Newsroom Job Cuts" is a potential headline...

[shel israel]

You make a good case, Jen, but these numbers don't quite convince me. First, which papers are enjoying the circulation increases you spea k of? Are the the hometown weeklies and large nationals? Or are they the major metros like the SF Chronicle and Boston Globe, whose financials are indicative of a death spiral? To Tom's point, how are they adjusting business models in a world that eliminates paid circulation revenue? Can they afford the paper, the presses, the armadas of trucks delivering them? Why cannot a new organization, not burdened with all that baggage step in and run a faster, more agile course. History would support that disruption is more likely than the transformation yo9u speak of.

[John Cass]

Jen, I think I agree with Shel that a new organization can step in and be successful in the same space as traditional media. But that we have not seen too many examples of new broad based online newspapers in recent years. That may be because the model does not work online, in that the web because of search favors niche. However, I know there is a lot to be said for having the sort of investigative journalism that papers like the Boston Globe have on a local basis. Maybe Jay Rosen's model on a local level makes sense for the old media publications?